The prophet Ezekiel gives us a Biblical instance. The liver has always played an important role in heathen divination, of which we have many examples in old and modern times among the Greeks, Etrurians, Romans and now among African tribes. "Therefore my heart is glad and my liver (English Versions of the Bible, "glory") rejoiceth." While this is quite possible, it is not easy to decide, as according to Jewish interpretation "my glory" is synonymous with "my soul," which would present as proper a parallelism. In a few passages of the Old Testament, kabhedh ("liver") and kabhodh ("glory") have been confounded, and we are in uncertainty as to the right translation Several authors, to give but one example, would read kabhedh in Psalms 16:9, for reasons of Hebrew poetical parallelism: till an arrow strike through his liver as a bird hasteth to the snare, and knoweth not that it is for his life" ( Proverbs 7:22,23 the rest of the verse is obscure as to its meaning). So we find the fate of a man enticed by the flattering of a loose woman compared to that of the ox that "goeth to the slaughter. The liver is also considered one of the most important and vital parts of the body (compare Virgil, cerebrum, iecur domicilia vitae). "My liver is poured upon the earth, because of the destruction of the daughter of my people" ( Lamentations 2:11). Thus, Jeremiah expresses his profound grief with the words: It was the seat of feeling, and thus became synonymous with temper, disposition, character (compare Assyrian kabittu, "liver", "temper," "character," and Arabic kabid, vulgar kibdi). Still others consider it to be the "fatty mass at the opening of the liver, which reaches to the kidneys and becomes visible upon the removal of the lesser omentum or membrane" (Driver and White, Leviticus, 65).Īs in the scholastic psychology of the Middle Ages, the liver played an important part in the science of Semitic peoples. It extends from the fissures of the liver to the curve of the stomach. Others, however, interpret it as the membrane which covers the upper part of the liver, sometimes called the "lesser omenturn." Thus, the Vulgate: This represents the large lobe or flap of the liver, Lobos tou hepatos (thus, Septuagint and Josephus, Ant, III, ix, 2, (228)). The word is usually joined with the Hebrew yothereth (see CAUL) ( Exodus 29:13,22 Leviticus 9:10,19) as a special portion set aside for the burnt offering. Liv'-er (qabhedh, derived from a root meaning "to be heavy," being the heaviest of the viscera Septuagint hepar): "Easton's Bible Dictionary".Įncyclopedias - International Standard Bible Encyclopedia - Liver indicates this entry was also found in Nave's Topical BibleĮaston, Matthew George.
Easton M.A., D.D., Illustrated Bible Dictionary, Third Edition, and Josephus understood "the liver of goats." By the "caul above the liver," in Leviticus 4:9 7:4, etc., some understand the great lobe of the liver itself. The first recorded instance of divination (q.v.) is that of the teraphim of Laban. In Ezekiel 21:21 there is allusion, in the statement that the king of Babylon "looked upon the liver," to one of the most ancient of all modes of divination.
kabhed, "heavy " hence the liver, as being the heaviest of the viscera, Exodus 29:13 Exodus 29:22 Leviticus 3:4 Leviticus 3:1 Leviticus 3:10 Leviticus 3:15 ) was burnt upon the altar, and not used as sacrificial food. Bible Dictionaries - Easton's Bible Dictionary - Liver Liver
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